CLASS-12,SHORT-ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS)

 SECTION A

(SHORT-ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS)

Ans. 1. The Drafting Committee provided three list of subjects: Union, State and Concurrent.

(a) The subjects in the first list were to be the preserve of the Central Government. (b) While those in the second list were vested with the states.

(c) As for the third list, here Centre and States share responsibility.

Ans. 2

(a) Jotedars were rich peasants in Bengal. Many of them owned large plots of land, sometimes covering thousands of acres. They controlled local trade and commerce, including money-lending. The local villagers greatly benefited from their influence. They were regarded more powerful than the Zamindars. Following are the main reasons for the high status of Jotedars.

(i)

At the local level, the Jotedars controlled the trade and commerce, as well as the money lending

business.

(ii) In order to weaken the Zamindars, Jotedars would mobilise ryots to not to pay or delay payment towards land revenue.

(iii) The Jotedars opposed the moves of Zamindars to increase the Jama of a village.

(iv) The Jotedars lived in villages only. Hence they were in a better position to interact with and influence the peasants.

(v) Jotedars were rich and owned large areas of land under cultivation. They often purchased estates in Zamindar. If the land revenue was not paid, the estates would be auctioned.

(b) The lives of Paharias in the hills of Raj Mahal, were intimately connected to the forests. The following points confirm the given statement:

(i) Paharias lived in huts under the tamarind groves and rested under the shadow of the mango trees

in the Raj Mahal hills.

(ii) They considered the entire region to be their own.

(iii) Forest-hunting and shifting cultivation were their daily activities. (iv) Many outsiders refused to enter their region.

Ans. 3. As per the Subsidiary Alliance, princely rulers were forbidden from negotiating or signing treaties with any other Indian ruler without first consulting with Company officials. Furthermore, they were not allowed to maintain any standing armies. The result was that many companies had to provide them with protection and pay for their upkeep.

Ans. 4.

The provisions of Irwin-Gandhi pact were:

(i) To withdraw all ordinances and prosecutions.

(ii) To release all the political prisoners.

(iii) To restore the confiscated properties of the satyagrahis.

(v) To permit the free collection or manufacture of salt.

The pact was criticised by radical nationalists, for Gandhiji was unable to obtain from the Viceroy a commitment to political independence for Indians; he could obtain merely as assurance of talks towards that possible end.