CLASS-11, DISPLACING INDIGENOUS PEOPLE

                      CLASS-11

DISPLACING INDIGENOUS PEOPLE

IMPORTANT QUESTION:-

1.What are the important points, you consider in the history of North America and Australia?

Answer:

These points are as under-

1. Europeans were equally dominated on both continents.

2. Europeans cheated the native people of North America and Australia and grabbed their lands and drove them to reservations.

3. Native peoples in both lands were simple, god fearing, lovers of nature, self-restrained and social.

2.Discuss the changes in landscapes of North America during the nineteenth century?

Answer:

The whole land of America was turned into estates and meadows. Being a variety of landforms here found people of European countries i.e. Germany, Sweden, Italy, etc., all suitable to their needs.

(I) people migrating to America were younger sons of the landlords there, who had no right to ancestral property.

(ii)some others were those small farmers whose lands were merged with the big landlords under enclosure or consolidation of land .

(iii)the citizens of Poland found grassland of Prairie similar to their characteristics of ‘ the Steppes grasslands. 

(iv)They cleared the forest land and started growing rice and cotton as commercial crops meant for export to Europe and fenced their farms with barbed wires.

3. Discuss the different images that Europeans and native Americans had of each other and the different ways in which they saw the natives.

Answer:

(A) Europeans’ perspective to native Americans

1. They took native Americans an uncivilized and barbarous as also not amenable,

2. According to them, the native people were unorganized and foolish.

3. Europeans took them lazy, anti-development, and unwilling to won the nature hence, they took certain steps for reclamation and expansion in agriculture.

4. Europeans wanted to exterminate and displace them.

(B) Native Americans perspective to the Europeans

1. Native people surprised Europeans as they had cleared the forests, get the fields dugs and turn into large states with buildings and other structures constructed thereupon.

2. They wanted to share their land with Europeans but they were insisting on selling the same.

3. They thought that Europeans were committing wrong in dividing the land into smaller pieces under ownership.

4. They took Europeans as friends. They introduced them to invisible tracks of forests and provided them things in the gift.

Different views on nature-

1. Native people took nature as their mother, made certain rules maintaining the balance in the environment but Europeans relentlessly cut the trees, destroyed the natural beauty of the landscape, constructed a number of structures and super-structures, developed farms and plantations.

2. The natives grew crops not for sale and profit but only to survive while everything was commodity worth value hence, selling and profiteering was Europeans’exclusive aim.

3. Native people were extreme lovers of nature while Europeans took it only resource inert and lifeless. According to them, every resource is to be exploited for earning more and more profit from the products obtained by the application of labor and skill.

4 .What was the treatment of Europeans with natives in America and Australia?

Answer:

(I)They cheated them in the trade of fur and meat as also cereals. 

(ii)They forged the documents of sale and paid the cost of land less than as negotiated. 

(iii)They were driven to the great American deserts and reservations. 

(iv)They took them as sloth and dull. These people were displaced from their own lands and enslaved.

5.Discuss the features of the lifestyle of the native people of North America.

Answer:

Lifestyle of the native people was as follows :

(a) These people lived in bands, in villages along river valleys.

(b) They ate fish and meat and cultivated vegetables and maize.

(c) They often went on long journeys in search of meat, chiefly that of bison.

(d) They did not attempt extensive agriculture and since they did not produce a surplus, they did not develop kingdoms and empires as in Central and South America.

(e) There were some instances of quarrels between tribes over territory, but by and large control of land was not an issue.

(f) An important feature of their tradition was that of making formal alliances and friendships and exchanging gifts. Goods were obtained not by buying them, but as gifts.

(g) The natives used to speak a number of languages but names of these languages were not written down.