CLASS-XII,LONG-ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS)

(LONG-ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS)

Ans 1.It was not easy for the Britishers to suppress the revolt. However, they took measures to crush the rebels.

 Passing of Laws to Help the Troops: 

#The British passed several laws to help the troops before sending them to retake North India. 

#The military officers were also empowered to try and punish the rebel Indians. 

#The ordinary process of law and trial was ignored by them. 

#With the help of newly passed legislation and the Increased reinforcements coming from Britain, the British started the process of suppressing the revolt. 

#The British thought reconquering Delhi was essential to suppress the revolt. Therefore, in June 1857, the British attacked Delhi from two directions Captain Hudson arrested the Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah II and Begum Zinat Mahal from the Tomb of Humayun on 21st September 1857

Resorting to Diplomacy: The British, while resorting to diplomacy, kept the educated Indians at bay and protected a rift between rebels and the zamindam by promising the latter to give back their estates. 

Use of Military Power on a Gigantic Scale: The British used military power on a gigantic scale. However they held absolute control over the means of communication. Their control over the railways enabled them to send quick military support to different parts of the country

Communication System: The telegraph system helped the British to get timely information about incidents occurring in different parts of the country Consequently, they were successful in wrecking the plans of the rebels by taking immediate action against them. Thus, the British tried their best to maintain their absolute control over the means of communication to suppress the revolt.

Ans 2. The events which led to the Non-Cooperation movement launched by Gandhiji in 1920 are as follows:

 (1) In 1919, the Rowlatt Act was passed against the wish of all Indian members of the Legislative assembly. It empowered the government to detain a person without trial, violating all civil rights.

 (2) To protest against the unlawful arrest of national leaders, a public meeting held in Amritsar culminated In what was known as Jallianwala Bagh massacre in April 1919.Innocent men, women and children were killed and many more injured. The monstrous act provoked unprecedented indignation throughout the country.

 (iii) The Khilafat movement was launched by the Ali Brothers, to protest against the dismemberment of the Turkish empire and to restore lurkish Sultan as the spiritual head or Caliph of the Muslims Gandhiji coupled the Non-Cooperation movement with Khilafat movement. Hindus and Muslims broadened the base of the national movement.

(Iv) The Act of 1919 failed to satisfy the nationalist urge for Swaraj. By the Non-Cooperation movement,the nationalists helped to achieve a new scheme of meaningful and substantial reforms.

Ans.(3) Mahatma Gandhi adhered to the Vedanta philosophy which advocates the spiritual unity of all mankind. 

#According to Gandhij, all religions are equal, we must create tolerance for one another and we must live in harmony and prosperity By promoting non-violence, tolerance, Swaraj, education, hygiene, and harmony, he wished to foster lasting social bonds. 

#By his definition, politics is a set of political relationships, organizations, views, and ideas that meet human progress and human development He believed in freedom from all sorts of social and political evil such as child marriage, untouchability and raciem. 

#He extensively worked for their upliftment, the transformation of untouchables Into Hanjans Mahatma Gandhi wanted to change the economical and political position of society .

#He started the Khilafat Movement, which was a big step toward communal integrity: He wished to see tolerance and equality in religion where everyone lives in peace and respects one another

The values upheld by Mahatma Gandhi are discussed below : 

i.Gandhiji was admired worldwide as a prominent social reformer political leader and thinker

ii. As a politician, he transformed the Indian National Movement into a broad Mass Movement. 

iii. Through a unique method of non-violence, he won civic rights and eventually independence for India's people. Due to this, he was followed by a number of people in his campaign for Swaraj or Home rule

(iv) He worked to reconcile all classes and religious sects, especially Hindus and Muslims .

(v) In 1924, after he was released from jail, he fully devoted himself in promoting home- spun cloth (Khadi) and eliminating untouchability in society He wanted to eliminate child marriage. He stressed on Hindu-Muslim harmony.

(vi) For Dandi March (salt law) in 1930, he also allowed women to participate in a large scale.

(vii) These values proved that he was an ideal statesman of the Indian sub-continent, who always worked for the welfare of human beings.